Properties, I mean real estate such as houses, apartments, condos, and offices, can be owned by more than one owner, resulting in co-ownership in a certain piece of property.
I. Co-ownership under China Property Law
Under China Property Law, there are two types of co-ownership: tenancy in common and joint tenancy. However please be noted that the tenancy in common and joint tenancy under China Property Law are not the same as used and defined under common law jurisdictions. In particular, there is no right of survivorship attached to China version joint tenancy.
We will briefly examine the two kinds of co-ownership under China laws. Unless there is a contract between or among the co-owners on how the property will be managed and disposed of, the rules described below will be applicable.
1. Joint Tenancy
A property of joint tenancy refers to a property owned by two and more owners without specifying how many percentage each owner holds, and the rights/interests and obligations of each owner shall be effective against the whole property instead of any specific and separate areas of the whole property.
Joint tenancy mostly arises in a family context, typically as between a couple. According to China Marriage Law, unless expressly stipulated otherwise between the couple (in a pre-nuptial agreement, for instance), a property acquired by one or both of the couple during marriage is assumed to be owned in joint tenancy with each spouse enjoying the equal right and interests. Despite the undivided shares in the property, upon dissolution of the marriage and death of one spouse, the joint tenancy property will generally be divided equally among the joint tenants.
As mentioned, there is no right of survivorship in the case of China joint tenancy property. Upon death of one joint tenant, unless there is a will, his or her rights and interests will be inherited by all legal heirs according to China Inheritance Law.
2. Tenancy in Common
Tenancy in common under China Property Law refers to a property owned by two or more owners with each owner having a clear share (indicated in percentage).
A tenancy in common arises when the co-owners of the property clearly agree as such. Absent a clear agreement on the type of co-ownership, a co-owned property is always considered a tenancy in common unless the owners are family members to each other.
A typical tenancy in common is created when multiple heirs inherit the same estate property bequeathed by their family member.
II. Sale of Co-owned Property
So with the basic concept explained above, what if one or majority of the co-owners wish to sell the property and others don’t want to?
1. The 2/3 Absolute Majority Rule
China Property Law has an article addressing the issue of sale or disposal of co-owned properties. Article 97 of China Property Law provides to the effect that disposal of tenancy-in-common property shall require the consents of at least two thirds of the co-ownership, and the joint tenancy property requires consents of all co-owners.
It is clear in the case of joint tenancy properties, but what does it mean in the case of tenancy in common?
Literally, it means that an absolute majority can effect the sale of the property in spite of the dissent from remaining co-owners which should mean that the absolute majority co-owners can enter into the sale contract and can effect the title transfer without the dissenting co-owner(s). A specific guide laid down by China real estate registration authority has confirmed this understanding.
However, if you call local real estate registration authority to inquire about whether partial but majority co-owners can effect title transfer, they often tell you “no”. The reason behind is not that they have reason not to follow the rules, but that they need to see all co-owners (in particular the dissenting owner) to ensure that dissenting co-owner expressly waives his or her pre-emptive right to buy the shares belonging to the absolute majority co-owners. Otherwise without such an insurance, the real estate registration authority will face lawsuits brought up by the dissenting co-owner(s).
2. Pre-emptive Right of Dissenting Co-owner
The pre-emptive right by the dissenting co-owner makes it impossible for the other majority shareholders to move ahead with the sale. The problem is that China Property Law does not elaborate on how the absolute majority rule shall be executed in practice. For example, when the absolute majority co-owners serve a notice of sale to the dissenting co-owner asking him or her whether she will exercise his or her pre-emptive right, the dissenting co-owner will not waive if he or she does not wish to sell the property.
In practice, local real estate authority often asks all co-owners to appear to make sure of the pre-emptive right issue. Otherwise, if the majority co-owners alledge waiver by the dissenting co-owner, it is difficult to prove if it is true. It remains an interesting issue in practice as to whether there will be alternative way to prove the waiver and if yes, then what way.
this is of particular interest to co-ownership of tenancy in common often arising out of the inheritance of China property by several heirs.
Hi, I’m a now US citizen and my parents (Chinese) included me on their house title when they purchased, without assigning a percentage of ownership to any of us. What would be the easiest way for me to enable them to sell the house at their convenience without me having to go there in person? Is it possible to give them power of attorney?
HI MJ, if your parents are still living in China, then you can give them a POA to allow them to sell the property. But if they are still Chinese citizens, then they cannot send out the sale proceeds out of China to you in US.
Thanks Jason, could you walk me through the process of giving them a POA that would be recognized in China? To add a bit more complication, my last name has changed since the title.
Hi MJ, if you do need service, then please send messsages to me at my email accounts on this blog. We will need to know where the property is located in China, which city. We need to find out some local policies addressing issues in your case. If you wish to take your share of money out of China, then we will also need to look at local policy on this front as well. We could eventually draft the POA for your parents to sell the property in China, and to effect some other changes in title before sale if necessary.
I have a serious case which needs urgent help. I’m married to my Chinese wife for 10years and we have a son. We bought a house two years after marriage but since we needed a bank loan to pay, we used my wife’s name for the asset. My wife had a rent issue with a shopping mall and the court is issuing a sale of our house. Per the laws in China, can the court render me and my son homeless? Does the court has the right sell a house, which is a common family asset? Please i await your prompt réponse.
depending on what kind of issue your wife is having with the shopping mall, and depending on whether this property is your primary home or an investment assets. Cannot say much before we better understand your situation.
A question about co-owning property, I have a Chinese girlfriend that wants us to buy a property in China but I haven’t been in China for 12 month yet. If we buy the property in only her name can we write a co-own contract between us that states that we actually owns 50-50?
If that’s a possibility how would such a contract look like?
hi Marcus, good question. Indeed, there is no established authority on this, and courts are divided as to whether such a contract will allow the non-registered owner to claim ownership in the property in the future.
However, if you write a good contract, that will for sure help to protect your interest. While courts are divided on wehther you will be able to claim ownership in the property, you can surely claim remedies according to the terms of the contract in case your girlfriend doesn’t keep her promises at the time of purchase.